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Cognitive biology
Cognitive biology is an emerging science that regards natural cognition as a biological function.〔p133 in Lyon and Keijzer (2007).〕 It is based on the theoretical assumption that every organism—whether a single cell or multicellular—is continually engaged in systematic acts of cognition coupled with intentional behaviors, i.e., a sensory-motor coupling.〔Van Duijn, et al. (2006). "Principles of minimal cognition: Casting cognition as sensorimotor coordination."〕 That is to say, if an organism can sense stimuli in its environment and respond accordingly, it is cognitive. Any explanation of how natural cognition may manifest in an organism is constrained by the biological conditions in which its species survives to evolve.〔Lyon and Opie (2007). “Prolegomena for a cognitive biology.”〕 And since by Darwinian theory the species of every organism is evolving from a common root, three further elements of cognitive biology are required: (i) the study of cognition in one species of organism is useful, through contrast and comparison, to the study of another species’ cognitive abilities;〔See for example Spetch and Friedman (2006), "Comparative cognition of object recognition.".〕 (ii) it is useful to proceed from organisms with simpler to those with more complex cognitive systems,〔Baluška and Mancuso (2009). Deep evolutionary origins of neurobiology: Turning the essence of ‘neural’ upside-down.〕 and (iii) the greater the number and variety of species studied in this regard, the more we understand the nature of cognition.〔Lyon (2013a) and visit the Comparative Cognition Society to enjoy their publication, ''(Comparative Cognition and Behavior Reviews )''.〕
== Overview ==
While cognitive science endeavors to explain human thought and the conscious mind, the work of cognitive biology is focused on the most fundamental process of cognition for any organism. In the past several decades, biologists have investigated cognition in organisms large〔()See for examples Byrne, et al. (2009), “Elephant cognition in primate perspective.”〕 and small,〔For instance, Ben Jacob, et al. (2006). "Seeking the foundations of cognition in bacteria.”〕 both plant〔As one example, see Calvo and Keijzer (2009), "Cognition in plants."〕 and animal.〔(''Comparative Cognition and Behavior Reviews'' )〕 “Mounting evidence suggests that even bacteria grapple with problems long familiar to cognitive scientists, including: integrating information from multiple sensory channels to marshal an effective response to fluctuating conditions; making decisions under conditions of uncertainty; communicating with conspecifics and others (honestly and deceptively); and coordinating collective behaviour to increase the chances of survival.”〔Lyon and Opie (2007), “Prolegomena for a cognitive biology.”〕 Without thinking or perceiving as humans would have it, an act of basic cognition is arguably a simple step-by-step process through which an organism senses a stimulus, then finds an appropriate response in its repertoire and enacts the response. However, the biological details of such basic cognition have neither been delineated for a great many species nor sufficiently generalized to stimulate further investigation. This lack of detail is due to the lack of a science dedicated to the task of elucidating the cognitive ability common to all biological organisms. That is to say, a ''science'' of cognitive biology has yet to be established.〔There is no mention of cognitive biology, for example, in Frankish and Ramsey (2012), ''The Cambridge Handbook of Cognitive Science''. Nor is cognitive biology mentioned in Margolis, et al.(2012), ''The Oxford Handbook of Philosophy of Cognitive Science''.〕 A prolegomena〔At the 2007 meeting of the International Society for the History, Philosophy and Social Studies of Biology, a paper was presented with the apt title: “Prolegomena for a cognitive biology.” See Lyon and Opie (2007).〕 for such science was presented in 2007 and several authors〔See Brian Goodwin and Ladislav Kováč, discussed below.〕 have published their thoughts on the subject since the late 1970s. Yet as the examples in the next section suggest, there is neither consensus on the theory nor widespread application in practice.
Although the two terms are sometimes used synonymously,〔See p135, 136, and 150 in Huber and Wilkinson (2012).〕 cognitive biology should not be confused with the biology of cognition in the sense that it is used by adherents to the Chilean School of Biology of Cognition.〔http://www.inteco.cl/biology/〕 Also known as the Santiago School, the biology of cognition is based on the work of Francisco Varela and Humberto Maturana,〔Maturana (1970), “Biology of Cognition.”〕 who crafted the doctrine of autopoiesis. Their work began in 1970 while the first mention of cognitive biology by Brian Goodwin (discussed below) was in 1977 from a different perspective.〔Goodwin (1977), "Cognitive biology." A copy of this four page paper is difficult to find. However, an eight page paper—Goodwin (1978), “A cognitive view of biological process,”—is easy to procure and uses his own 1977 paper as a reference. A study of the other references in the ’78 paper suggests a unique perspective without mention of Maturana or Varela.〕
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